[Non-functioning parathyroid cysts]. / Nefunktsional'nye kisty okoloshchitovidnykh zhelez.

OBJECTIVE: To study the features of clinical course, diagnosis and treatment of true non-functioning parathyroid cysts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 18 patients with non-functioning true parathyroid cysts. Inclusion criteria: US-confirmed anechoic lesion of the neck without tissue component, cytological data on cystic lesion, high cystic parathyroid hormone and no laboratory signs of hyperparathyroidism. RESULTS: Non-functioning parathyroid cysts were asymptomatic and diagnosed accidentally after ultrasound of the neck. All patients were women aged 35-77 years. Four patients had cysts near the upper parathyroid glands, 14 patients - near the lower parathyroid glands. Of these, 2 ones had cysts below the level of the clavicle. Cyst volume was 4.3-110.3 cm3 (24.1±26.2 cm3). High cystic parathyroid hormone (2012.5±946.7 pg/ml) was observed in all patients. Simple aspiration was performed in 5 patients, aspiration with sclerotherapy - in 10 patients, cystectomy - in 3 patients. Recurrence was diagnosed in 1 patient after aspiration and 2 patients after sclerotherapy. CONCLUSION: No pathognomonic clinical and ultrasonic symptoms, as well as specific cytological data lead to misdiagnosis. Analysis of PTH in non-functioning parathyroid cysts is essential for diagnosis. Minimally invasive treatment is preferable for true parathyroid cysts. However, these approaches are not radical.

Overview of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease: The Otolaryngology Perspective.

The management of thyroid and parathyroid pathology varies widely, with unifying goals of symptomatic control and mitigating patient morbidity. In general, surgery is indicated when addressing malignancy or when medical management is insufficient. Over the last few decades, treatment paradigms for patients with head and neck endocrine disease have shifted significantly as our understanding of disease processes has expanded and with the advent of numerous relevant technologies. Here we provide a general overview of thyroid and parathyroid disease that may be managed by the otolaryngologist, with attention to emerging strategies in diagnosis and treatment.

Ablación por radiofrecuencia en la enfermedad tiroidea y paratiroidea / Radiofrequency ablation for thyroid and parathyroid disease

La ablación por radiofrecuencia (ARF) es un método bien conocido, seguro y eficaz para tratar los nódulos tiroideos benignos, los cánceres tiroideos recurrentes, así como los adenomas de paratiroides, con resultados prometedores en los últimos años. Los dispositivos empleados y las técnicas básicas para la ARF fueron introducidos por la Sociedad Coreana de Radiología de Tiroides (KSThR) en 2012, si bien la ARF se ha aprobado en todo el mundo, con avances posteriores tanto en dispositivos como en técnica.El objetivo de esta revisión es instruir a los radiólogos intervencionistas que pretendan realizar, o que ya estén realizando, intervenciones de ARF, así como especialistas en tiroides y paratiroides que brinden atención pre y postoperatoria, acerca de la capacitación, la ejecución y el control de calidad de la ARF de los nódulos tiroideos y adenomas paratiroideos, para optimizar la eficacia del tratamiento y la seguridad del paciente.(AU)

Radiofrequency ablation is a well-known, safe, and effective method for treating benign thyroid nodules and recurring thyroid cancer as well as parathyroid adenomas that has yielded promising results in recent years. Since the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology introduced the devices and the basic techniques for radiofrequency ablation in 2012, radiofrequency ablation has been approved all over the world and both the devices and techniques have improved.This review aims to instruct interventional radiologists who are doing or intend to start doing radiofrequency ablation of thyroid and parathyroid lesions, as well as thyroid and parathyroid specialists who provide pre- and post-operative care, in the training, execution, and quality control for radiofrequency ablation of thyroid nodules and parathyroid adenomas to optimize the efficacy and safety of the treatment.(AU)

Misdiagnosed giant parathyroid cyst: differential diagnosis of a neck mass of the central region.

Parathyroid cysts (PCs) are rare benign lesions representing between the 0.08% and the 0.34% of the neck masses going on surgery. They should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neck masses, especially in the differential diagnosis of the cystic anterior neck masses.Approximately 300 cases of PC are reported within the international literature.The gold standard for diagnosis is the evidence of high-level intact parathyroid hormone in cystic fluid. It is important to diagnose PCs before surgery, not intraoperatively, in order to avoid unnecessary surgeries or superfluous excision of part of the thyroid gland and prevent the patient from iatrogenic hypothyroidism.A surgical approach is required in those patients with large-sized cysts, relapses despite needle aspirations or if it causes hyperparathyroidism.We describe a case report of a patient, initially misdiagnosed with a thyroid cyst swelling, who instead had a giant non-functioning PC, which produced dyspnoea or dysphagia.

Parathyroid cyst: differential diagnosis.

Parathyroid cysts are rare lesions of the cervical region and less frequently of the mediastinum. They occur mostly in women and are usually asymptomatic. They generally occur in the fourth and fifth decades of life and mainly are non-functioning. They commonly present as a neck mass that is found incidentally during surgery or in imaging test. Its importance lies in the difficulty in diagnosis, often confusing itself with thyroid pathology. The diagnosis is usually made intraoperatively, confirmed by histopathological examination.The aim of this paper is to report a case of parathyroid cyst that mimics a thyroid nodule.

Evaluación endocrinológica del paciente con enfermedad nodular tiroidea / Endocrinologic approach to the patient with thyroid nodules

Llamamos nódulo tiroideo a aquella lesión concreta palpable o radiológicamente distinguible del parénquima tiroideo. La enfermedad nodular tiroidea tiene una prevalencia progresivamente creciente a medida que ha mejorado la calidad de las técnicas de imagen, principalmente la ecografía. El objetivo de la presente revisión es señalar cuales son los pasos en la evaluación endocrinológica del paciente con enfermedad nodular tiroidea. Más concretamente, cual es la mejor estrategia coste/efectiva para diagnosticar los nódulos tiroideos malignos. Tras una buena anamnesis y exploración clínica, el estudio se completa con una determinación de TSH y la realización de una ecografía tiroidea, que es la prueba diagnóstica que más criterios aporta para poder hacer la indicación de PAAF. La muestra obtenida se estudiará según el sistema Bethesda

Thyroid nodule is defined as a palpable lesion o radiologically distinguishable from thyroid parenchyma. Its prevalence is increasing with the improvement of the imagine techniques, mainly the ultrasonography. The aim of this review is to indicate the steps for the endocrinology evaluation of the patient with thyroid nodules, particularly to choose the best cost/effective strategy to diagnose the malignant thyroid nodules. After having the anamnesis and physical examination done, a TSH determination and an thyroid ultrasound are needed. The sample obtained will be studied according to the Bethesda system

Medicina nuclear. Diagnóstico de la patología de tiroides y paratiroides / Nuclear medicine. Diagnosis of thyroid and parathyroid gland pathology

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: La Medicina Nuclear tiene un papel destacado en el estudio de la patología de tiroides y paratiroides. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión de las técnicas de imagen disponibles actualmente en Medicina Nuclear, para el estudio de dicha patología. SÍNTESIS: La gammagrafía de tiroides sigue siendo una técnica útil en el estudio de la patología tiroidea, como, por ejemplo, en el nódulo tiroideo o el hipotiroidismo congénito. El SPECT-CT mejora el diagnóstico, frente al rastreo corporal total (RCT) con radioyodo, en pacientes con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides y cambia el manejo terapéutico, a la vez que, añadido a la gammagrafía de paratiroides, ayuda a la planificación de la cirugía, sobre todo en adenomas ectópicos. El PET-CT con 18F-FDG y con otros trazadores, tiene un papel relevante en varias indicaciones y tipos histológicos de cáncer de tiroides, aunque principalmente en la sospecha de recidiva. Así mismo, el PET-CT con fluorocolina es una alternativa excelente, con cifras elevadas de localización exitosa, en los casos de hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTp) con pruebas convencionales negativas. CONCLUSIONES: Con los avances técnicos de los últimos años en el ámbito de la Medicina Nuclear y, particularmente, con la imagen híbrida, se ha mejorado el estudio de la patología tiroidea, fundamentalmente del cáncer de tiroides, así como la localización prequirúrgica del HPTp

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Nuclear Medicine has a relevant role in the study of thyroid and parathyroid gland pathology. The aim of this work is to review the imaging techniques available nowadays in Nuclear Medicine, to study this pathology. SYNTHESIS: Thyroid scinthigraphy is, even today, a useful tool in the study of thyroid pathology, such us in the thyroid nodule or in congenital hypothyroidism. SPECT-CT, compared to whole body scintigraphy (WBS) with radioiodine, improve the diagnosis and change the therapeutic management in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, at the same time that, added to the parathyroid scintigraphy, it helps planning the surgery, especially in ectopic adenomas. PET-CT with FDG and other tracers has a relevant role in several indications and histology types of thyroid cancer, although mainly in the suspicion of recurrence. In addition, Fluorocholine PET-CT is an excellent alternative, with high successful localization rate, in cases with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) and negative conventional techniques. CONCLUSIONS: With technical advances in the area of Nuclear Medicine, and particularly with hybrid imaging, the study of thyroid pathology has improved, especially in thyroid cancer, as well as pre-surgical localization of pHPT

Pediatric parathyroid disease.

Parathyroid glands are critical for calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Parathyroid disease is relatively rare in the pediatric population, but there are some important pediatric-specific considerations and conditions. This article reviews parathyroid physiology, disorders of hyper- and hypo- function, operative management, and uniquely pediatric diagnoses such as neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Advances in preoperative imaging, intra-operative gland identification, and management of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia are also presented in detail. This article combines a review of fundamentals with recent advances in care, emphasizing pediatric-specific publications.

Hereditary Parathyroid Disease: Sometimes Pathologists Do Not Know What They Are Missing.

Parathyroid gland excision specimens are common and sometimes underestimated cases that many surgical pathologists encounter regularly. In the vast majority of cases, these will be spot diagnoses of sporadic primary parathyroid adenomas or, perhaps, hyperplasias commonly in the setting of renal failure. However, a small but significant number of parathyroid gland excisions may be due to heritable disease. In most cases, hereditary disease is suspected by the referring clinicians. Nevertheless, a subset of these are undetected which is significant, particularly in the setting of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), and the hyperparathyroidism jaw tumour (HPT-JT) syndromes. There have been recent advances in recognition of the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of these tumours and hyperplasias. While hereditary kindreds are over-represented at specialist referral centres, with awareness of the characteristic clinical and morphological features, the general surgical pathologist is frequently able to suggest the possibility of hereditary parathyroid disease. We therefore provide a succinct guide for pathologists to increase the recognition of hereditary parathyroid disease.

Fine-needle aspiration with rapid parathyroid hormone assay to identify parathyroid gland in thyroidectomy.

To determine the levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the fluids of various tissues for identification of parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy.Our study comprised 31 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent lobectomy with central compartment dissection at our hospital from October 2014 to February 2015. A total of 186 tissue samples, including 28 from parathyroid glands and 158 from non-parathyroid tissues, were obtained during the operations. Tissue fluids were collected via fine-needle aspiration to measure PTH levels; the tissue was punctured 3 times with a 26-gauge syringe needle and washed with 0.5 mL normal saline. Tissues were also prepared for pathological examination.PTH concentrations were significantly higher in parathyroid tissues than non-parathyroid tissues. None of the patients had irremediable parathyroid dysfunction after surgical resection.Use of fine-needle aspiration for quantification of PTH levels in tissue fluids rapidly, safely, and effectively identifies the parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy.

MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Unmet therapeutic, educational and scientific needs in parathyroid disorders.

PARAT, a new European Society of Endocrinology program, aims to identify unmet scientific and educational needs of parathyroid disorders, such as primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), including parathyroid cancer (PC), and hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT). The discussions and consensus statements from the first PARAT workshop (September 2018) are reviewed. PHPT has a high prevalence in Western communities, PHPT has a high prevalence in Western communities, yet evidence is sparse concerning the natural history and whether morbidity and long-term outcomes are related to hypercalcemia or plasma PTH concentrations, or both. Cardiovascular mortality and prevalence of low energy fractures are increased, whereas Quality of Life is decreased, although their reversibility by treatment of PHPT has not been convincingly demonstrated. PC is a rare cause of PHPT, with an increasing incidence, and international collaborative studies are required to advance knowledge of the genetic mechanisms, biomarkers for disease activity, and optimal treatments. For example, ~20% of PCs demonstrate high mutational burden, and identifying targetable DNA variations, gene amplifications and gene fusions may facilitate personalized care, such as different forms of immunotherapy or targeted therapy. HypoPT, a designated orphan disease, is associated with a high risk of symptoms and complications. Most cases are secondary to neck surgery. However, there is a need to better understand the relation between disease biomarkers and intellectual function, and to establish the role of PTH in target tissues, as these may facilitate the appropriate use of PTH substitution therapy. Management of parathyroid disorders is challenging, and PARAT has highlighted the need for international transdisciplinary scientific and educational studies in advancing in this field.

Implementación de técnicas moleculares para el diagnóstico de parotiditis epidémica / Implementation of molecular techniques for diagnosis of mumps

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Respuesta a "Implementación de técnicas moleculares para el diagnóstico de parotiditis epidémica" / Reply to "Implementation of molecular techniques for diagnosis of mumps"

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Parathyroid cysts: A review of 359 patients reported in the international literature.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid cysts are lesions that represent 1-5% of neck masses. They are subdivided into two categories: functioning and non-functioning.The aim of the present review is to give a detailed account of all reported cases of parathyroid cysts in the literature and to analyze statistically the available data. METHODS: A bibliographic research was performed from 1905 until 2016. A database with the patients' characteristics was made and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: A total of 218 articles were found, reporting 359 cases of cysts. Mean age of patients was 49.24 y/o and the male/female ratio was 1:1.85. The most common locations were left thyroid lobe (113/358 patients, 31.6%), and superior mediastinum (69/358 patients, 19.3%), while the most common symptoms were neck mass (148/355 patients, 41.7%), compressive symptoms (73/355 patients, 206%) and hyperparathyroidism (62/355 patients, 17.5%). Non-functioning cysts were more frequent (220/357 patients, 61.6%). Regarding dimensions, mean diameter was 4.88 cm. Ultrasound and FNA are used for their diagnosis, while cystic fluid analysis may help the differential diagnosis. Recurrences were mentioned in 27/97 patients (27.8%) with available data. No deaths due to parathyroid cysts were mentioned in the literature. CONCLUSION: Parathyroid cysts should be taken into consideration in case of parathyroid dysfunction or asymptomatic neck mass. The surgeon's careful manipulations on the cyst are crucial for a definitive treatment.

Parathyroid cysts: experience of a rare phenomenon at a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid cysts are relatively uncommon lesions and are often misdiagnosed. We evaluate our experience in the diagnosis of and therapy to correct parathyroid cystic lesions. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed a series of 32 patients with parathyroid cysts who were admitted to our department between July 2011 and November 2016. Clinical pathological features of the patients, including age, gender, location, size, ultrasonography, histopathology, surgery, and follow-up, were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 22 female and 10 male participants with a median age of 46.7 years old (27-76 years old). Only two cysts were found in the superior mediastinum. The rest were located under the lower pole of the thyroid. All of the patients underwent ultrasonography scans and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) assays. Three patients had elevated serum PTH levels, and they were further scanned with Tc99m sestamibi as functional cysts. In 29 cases of nonfunctional cysts, 3 cases were preoperatively diagnosed by cystic aspiration with PTH detection. The rest were diagnosed by postoperative immunopathology. All of the patients underwent cystectomy, and 24 patients also underwent thyroidectomy. There was a significant difference in cyst diameter size between the cystectomy alone and cystectomy with thyroidectomy groups (4.0 ± 2.0 vs 1.5 ± 1.0 cm; p < 0.05). No participant experienced recurrence during the median 36 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Cystic lesions located under the lower pole of the thyroid gland should be considered to have originated at the parathyroid gland. Cystic aspiration with PTH detection or postoperative immunopathology can lead to a definitive diagnosis. Cystectomy is still a commonly used and effective treatment.

Incidental Diagnosis of Parathyroid Lesions by Preoperative Use of Next-Generation Molecular Testing.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid glands can mimic thyroid follicular lesions on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and can lead to unnecessary or incorrect surgery. Newer molecular panel tests using next-generation sequencing (NGS) include analysis of cell type-specific gene expression profiles such as parathyroid. The study aim is to determine the frequency and clinical implications of parathyroid tissue identification by molecular testing in cytologically indeterminate "thyroid" lesions. METHODS: Molecular analysis of indeterminate thyroid FNA specimens is obtained routinely and relies on amplification-based NGS inclusive of PTH-specific expression profiles. For this study, we retrospectively examined the clinical data and management of patients with molecular results positive for PTH expression from May 2014 until May 2016. RESULTS: Among 4765 consecutive patients with indeterminate cytology for a presumed thyroid nodule, NGS instead indicated a parathyroid lesion in 20 patients (0.42%). The clinical data of 15 patients were available, and the subsequent clinical management was altered in 93% (14/15 patients), including five (33%) eucalcemic patients who could avoid unnecessary surgery. Primary hyperparathyroidism was not suspected in seven patients until the molecular analysis results, and primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in one (14%). During parathyroid exploration, most patients (6/8, 75%) required concurrent thyroidectomy or lobectomy, but thyroid preservation was still possible in two patients. A parathyroid gland was histologically confirmed in 89%. CONCLUSIONS: In 0.42% of patients with indeterminate cytology results, next-generation molecular results will indicate the presence of a parathyroid lesion. When this occurs, it is accurate and can robustly impact clinical management (93%).